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They also believe good things happen for reasons that are permanent, rather than seeing the transient nature of positive events.

Permanence: Optimistic people believe bad events to be more temporary than permanent and bounce back quickly from failure, whereas others may take longer periods to recover or may never recover.

Other differences exist between pessimists and optimists in terms of explanatory style: The optimist's outlook on failure can thus be summarized as "What happened was an unlucky situation (not personal), and really just a setback (not permanent) for this one, of many, goals (not pervasive)".

The resulting optimism-one that grew from pessimism-is a learned optimism. Seligman invites pessimists to learn to be optimists by thinking about their reactions to adversity in a new way. Pessimism, on the other hand, is much more common pessimists are more likely to give up in the face of adversity or to suffer from depression. The benefits of an optimistic outlook are many: Optimists are higher achievers and have better overall health. Learned optimism was defined by Martin Seligman and published in his 1990 book, Learned Optimism. In contrast with learned helplessness, optimism is learned by consciously challenging any negative self talk. Learned optimism is the idea in positive psychology that a talent for joy, like any other, can be cultivated. JSTOR ( March 2012) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message).Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.

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